Changes in brain anatomy during the course of posttraumatic stress disorder. Complex PTSD – A better description for borderline personality disorder? Australas Psychiatry. Posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5 and ICD-11: Clinical and behavioral correlates. Hyland P, Shevlin M, Fyvie C, Karatzias T. A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for DSM-5. Treating adults with complex trauma: An evidence-based case study. Complex posttraumatic stress disorder: The need to consolidate a distinct clinical syndrome or to reevaluate features of psychiatric disorders following interpersonal trauma? World J Psychiatry. Giourou E, Skokou M, Andrew SP, Alexopoulou K, Gourzis P, Jelastopulu E. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder. Evidence for proposed ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD: A latent profile analysis. Racism, racial discrimination, and trauma: a systematic review of the social science literature. Kirkinis K, Pieterse A, Martin C, Agiliga A, Brownell A. Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Separate criteria have been added for children aged 6 years or younger.Herman JL. Diagnostic criteria have been suitable for children and adolescents. There are new symptoms, namely persistent negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world, persistent negative trauma-related emotions, and risky or reckless behaviors. The number of symptoms increased from 17 in DSM-IV to 20 in DSM-5. To satisfy the criteria for PTSD, there must be a minimum number of symptoms from each cluster: at least one of five re-experiencing symptoms, one of two avoidance symptoms, three of seven cognitions and mood symptoms, and three of six hyperarousal symptoms. There are four PTSD symptom clusters (There were three in DSM IV) a) Intrusion symptoms including dissociative reactions (dissociative reactions are şashbacks, derealization, and depersonalization.) b) avoidance symptoms c) Negative alterations in mood and cognitions (dysphoric type) d) alterations in arousal and reactivity. Exposure to the trauma through electronic media, television, movies, and pictures is not considered as PTSD unless these traumatic events are work-related. PTSD patients can be the actual victim or witness. The definition of trauma in PTSD indicates ‘’Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence.’’ Sexual assault is specifically included. DSM-5 draws a clear line about the traumatic event. The DSM-5 aimed to expand the definition of PTSD beyond the fear construct. The patient must have PTSD symptoms that persist for at least 1 month after the traumatic event. DSM-5 eliminates the distinction between acute and chronic phases of PTSD. Trauma- and Stress¬or-Related Disorders reşect the close relationship between anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and dissociative disorders. The Trauma-and-Stressor Related Disorders include Reactive Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, PTSD and Adjustment Disorders. In DSM-5, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is no longer included in Anxiety Disorders and included in a new chapter as Trauma- and Stress¬or-Related Disorders. DSM-5, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, was released at the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA) meeting in May 2013 that is the fifth major revision.
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